Jesus in the Capernaum Synagogue

NA²⁷ Matthew 7:28-29	B Mark 1:21-28	À^T Mark 1:21-28	D Mark 1:21-28	W Mark 1:21-28	D Luke 4:31-37	À^T Luke 4:31-37	B Luke 4:31-37
28 Kai /**/ exeplhssonto oi ocloi epi th didach autou, 29 hn gar didaskwn autouV wV exousian ecwn, kai ouc wV oi grammateiV autwn.	21 Kai eisporeuontai eiV Kafarnaoum, kai euqewV toiV sabbasin eiselqwn eiV thn sunagwghn edidasken. 22 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou hn gar didaskwn autouV wV exousian ecwn, kai ouc wV oi grammateiV. 23 Kai euquV hn en th sunagwgh autwn anqrwpoV en pneumati akaqartw kai anekraxen, 24 legwn, Ti hmin kai su, Ihsou Nazarhne; HlqeV apolesai hmaV; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 25 Kai epeteimhsen autw o IhsouV legwn, Feimw- qhti kai exelqe ex autou. 26 Kai sparaxan auton to pneuma to akaqarton kai fwnhsan fwnh megalh exhlqen ex autou. 27 Kai eqambhqhsan apanteV wste sunzhtein autouV legontaV, Ti estin touto; Didach kainh kat exousian. Kai toiV pneumasi toiV akaqartoiV epitassei kai upakouousin autw. 28 Kai exhlqen h akoh autou euquV pantacou eiV olhn thn pericwron thV GaleilaiaV.	21 Kai eisporeuontai eiV Kafarnaoum, kai euquV toiV sabbasin edidaxen eiV thn sunagwghn. 22 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou hn gar didaskwn autouV wV exousian ecwn, kai ouc wV oi grammateiV. 23 Kai euquV hn en th sunagwgh autwn anqrwpoV en pneumati akaqartw kai anekraxen, 24 legwn, Ti hmin kai soi, Ihsou Nazarhne; HlqeV apolese hmaV; Oidamen se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 25 Kai epetimhsen autw o IhsouV, Fimw- qhti kai exelqe ex autou. 26 Kai sparaxan auton to pneuma to akaqarton kai fwnhsan fwnh megalh exhlqen ex autou. 27 Kai eqambhqhsan apanteV wste sunzhtin autouV legontaV, Ti estin touto; Didach kainh kat exousian. Kai toiV pneumasi toiV akaqartoiV epitassi kai upakouousin autw. 28 Kai exhlqen h akoh autou eiV olhn thn pericwron thV IoudaiaV.	21 Kai eisporeuonto eiV Kafarnaoum, kai euqewV toiV sabbasin eiselqwn eiV thn sunagwghn edidasken autouV. 22 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou hn gar didaskwn autouV wV exousian ecwn, ouc wV oi grammateiV. 23 Kai hn en th sunagwgh anqrwpoV en pneumati akaqartw kai anekraxen, 24 legwn, Ti hmin kai soi, Ihsou Nazarhnai; HlqeV apolesai hmaV; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 25 Kai epetimhsen autw legwn, Fimw- qhti kai exelqe ek tou anqrwpou pneuma akaqarton. 26 Kai exhlqen to pneuma to akaqarton sparaxan auton kai kraxaV fwnh megalh exhlqen ap autou. 27 Kai eqambhsan panteV wste sunzhtein proV eautouV legontaV, TiV h Didach ekeinh h kainh auth h exousia oti kai toiV pneumasi toiV akaqartoiV epitassei kai upakouousin autw. 28 Kai exhlqen h akoh autou euquV eiV olhn thn pericwron thV GalilaiaV.	21 Kai eisporeuontai eiV Kafarnaoum, kai euqewV toiV sabbasin eiselqwn eiV thn sunagwghn edidasken. 22 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou hn gar didaskwn autouV wV exousian ecwn, kai ouc wV oi grammateiV. 23 Kai hn en th sunagwgh autwn anqrwpoV en pneumati akaqartw kai anekraxen, 24 legwn, Ti hmin kai su, Ihsou Nazarhne; HlqeV hmaV apol- esai wde; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 25 Kai epetimhsen autw kai eipen, Fimw- qhti kai exelqe ek tou anqrwpou pneuma akaqarton. 26 Kai exhlqen to pneuma sparaxan auton kai anekragen fwnh megalh kai aphlqen ap autou. 27 Kai eqaumazon panteV kai sunezhtoun proV eautouV legonteV, TiV h Didach hkenh auth h exousiastikh autou kai oti toiV pneumasin toiV akaqartoiV epitassei kai upakouousin autw. 28 Kai exhlqen h akoh autou pantacou eiV olhn thn pericwron thV GalilaiaV.	31 Kai kathlqen eiV Kafarnaoum polin thV GalilaiaV thn paraqalassion en orioV Zaboulwn kai Nefqaleim kai hn didaskwn autouV en toiV sabbasin. 32 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou oti en exousia hn o logoV autou. 33 Hn de en th sunagwgh anqrwpoV ecwn pneuma daimonion akaqarton kai anekraxen fwnh megalh legwn, 34 Ti hmin kai soi, Ihsou Nazarhnai; HlqeV hmaV wde apolesai; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 35 Kai epetimhsen autw o IhsouV legwn, Fimw- qhti kai exelqe ap autou. Kai reiyaV auton to daimonion eiV meson anakraugasan te exhlqen ap autou mhden blayan auton. 36 Kai egeneto qamboV megaV epi pantaV kai sunelaloun proV allhlouV legonteV, TiV o logoV outoV; Oti en exousia kai dunamei epitassei toiV akaqartoiV pneumasin kai exercontai. 37 Kai exhlqen h akoh autou eiV panta topon thV pericwrou.	31 Kai kathlqen eiV Kafarnaoum polin thV GalilaiaV, kai hn didaskwn autouV en toiV sabbasin. 32 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou oti en exousia hn o logoV autou. 33 Kai en th sunagwgh hn anqrwpoV ecwn pneuma daimoniou akaqartou kai anekraxen fwnh megalh, 34 Ea. Ti hmin kai soi, Ihsou Nazarhne; HlqeV apolesai hmaV; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 35 Kai epetimhsen autw o IhsouV legwn, Fimw- qhti kai exelqe ap autou. Kai riyan auton to daimonion eiV to meson exhlqen ap autou mhden blayan auton. 36 Kai egeneto qamboV epi pantaV kai sunelaloun proV allhlouV legonteV, TiV o logoV outoV; Oti en exousia kai dunamei epitassei toiV akaqartoiV pneumasin kai exercontai. 37 Kai exeporeueto hcoV peri autou eiV panta topon thV pericwrou.	31 Kai kathlqen eiV Kafarnaoum polin thV GaleilaiaV, kai hn didaskwn autouV en toiV sabbasin. 32 Kai exeplhssonto epi th didach autou oti en exousia hn o logoV autou. 33 Kai en th sunagwgh hn anqrwpoV ecwn pneuma daimoniou akaqartou kai anekraxen fwnh megalh, 34 Ea. Ti hmin kai soi, Ihsou Nazarhne; HlqeV apolesai hmaV; Oida se tiV ei o agioV tou Qeou. 35 Kai epeteimhsen autw o IhsouV legwn, Feimw- qhti kai exelqe ap autou. Kai reiyan auton to daimonion eiV to meson exhlqen ap autou mhden blayan auton. 36 Kai egeneto qamboV epi pantaV kai sunelaloun proV allhlouV legonteV, TiV o logoV outoV; Oti en exousia kai dunamei epitassei toiV akaqartoiV pneumasin kai exercontai. 37 Kai exeporeueto hcoV peri autou eiV panta topon thV pericwrou.

Notes:

Here are a few observations about the Capernaum Demoniac pericope:

1. The body of the pericope in Mark 1:22a,23-25/Luke 4:32a,33-35a is highly conserved. The word-for-word parallel in Mt 7:29/Mk 1:22b makes the most sense as an insert into Mark, particularly since Matthew lacks this pericope. The conclusion in Mk 1:26-28/Lk 4:35b-37 is much less conserved, although the two versions are clearly related. This may imply that the conclusion is a more recent expansion than the core of the pericope.

2. The text of D Mark and W Mark share a small insertion at 1:25 "out of the man, unclean spirit", showing that they are members of a "Western" tradition. There is a doublet in D Mark 1:27 where the text appears to have both the Western and Alexandrian versions (ekeinh h kainh auth h). W Mark has only the Western version. This pattern occurs frequently: W Mark will have the Alexandrian or Western text, but not both, while D Mark appears to be a mixture of the Western and Alexandrian text types. This is the primary reason the D text is mildly expansive in Mark.

3. Certain pericopes in the synoptics end in characteristic phrases. For example, pericopes where various disciples follow Jesus often end with the phrase "and they followed him". The ending of the Capernaum Demoniac pericope is similar. Mark 1:27, ends with the phrase "and they obey him" (kai upakouousin autw). Luke has a somewhat different version. In Lk 4:31, Jesus "goes down into" Capernaum (Kai kathlqen) and in Lk 4:36, at the end of the pericope, the demons "come out" (kai exercontai).

4. The word "immediately" or "straightaway" is used frequently by Mark, along with the use of verbs in the historic present, to convey a sense that events are happening in the present time. In the Alexandrian text, this word is almost always spelled euquV. The word is spelled euqewV in W Mark, in common with Matthew and Luke, and it occurs far less frequently. D Mark has both spellings, as might be expected for a mixture of the two text types.

5. The word kraxaV "crying out" in D Mark 1:26 is probably original. It appears in the Western and Byzantine text and a form of the verb is found in Western Luke.

6. The small insert in D Luke 4:31 thn paraqalassion en orioV Zaboulwn kai Nefqaleim "upon the sea coast in the borders of Zebulon and Naphtali" is found in the corresponding passage in the Diatessaron and Matthew 4:13.

7. There are many verses in D Luke where the text is more similar to Mark than Alexandrian Luke. An example of this is Lk 4:37a, where D Luke has Kai exhlqen h akoh autou in agreement with Mark, while Alexandrian Luke has Kai exeporeueto hcoV peri autou.

8. Note that there is a subtle difference between text types from left to right. D Mark shares some harmonistic readings with Alexandrian Mark, while W Mark has some vocabulary terms more characteristic of Luke. Similarities between W Mark and D Luke are shown in pink.

9. À Mark 1:28 has the word spreading throughout Judea rather than Galilee. The reading was eventually changed to Galilee by corrector C2. This may be evidence of an early aporia that was changed to make the location consistent with Capernaum.

10. B Mark 1:25 and 1:28 show evidence of two harmonized readings. B Mark 1:25 has IhsouV legwn whereas À has IhsouV and D has legwn. In Mk 1:28, B has euquV pantacou. D Mark has euquV but not À and W. W Mark has pantacou but not À and D. These are examples of two textual variations in Alexandrian Mark that cross over to the Western text types.

11. Mark refers to the demon as an unclean spirit (pneuma akaqarton) and Luke uses a semitic double noun "an unclean spirit, a demon". This semitic reference to a demon as an unclean spirit also occurs in the Geresene Demoniac. Both pericopes are public exorcisms but only the demons know the Messianic Secret - that Jesus is the Son of God. This may be evidence of an early Pauline "Son of God" stratum in Mark.